Hawking and Penrose famously proved that a black hole must have a singularity in its center, such that the singularity has infinite mass density.[0] Infinite mass density [mass density = mass ÷ volume] is what happens when a point-like location [volume = 0 m³] is filled with pure mass, or in other words, a point where mass is present but not physical space. Pure mass is a new concept (of physics), called massfluid by the author. However, the concept of massfluid and related physics are outside the scope of this book. Gravity and singularities are known physics, and these are the relevant concepts employed by Mass Vortex Theory.
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy says: “A spacetime singularity is a breakdown in the geometrical structure of space and time. … Because it is the fundamental geometry that is breaking down, spacetime singularities are often viewed as an end, or “edge,” of spacetime itself. … Our current theory of spacetime, general relativity, not only allows for singularities, but tells us that they are unavoidable in some real-life circumstances.”
A Given of the Theory
The idea of a singularity that has infinite mass density (an actual physical point) came from the work of Hawking and Penrose, and others, work that involved black holes and General Relativity. However, Mass Vortex Theory takes this idea of a point with infinite mass density to be an initial phenomenon that is a given of the theory. It is not due to the gravitational collapse of a star, for example. Mass Vortex Theory does not explain how the singularity at the beginning of a star system becomes present, it is a “given” of the theory. In the future, there may be more understanding about how or why infinite-mass-density singularities become present. But for now, we are not going back to the beginning of time, we’re starting with part of a nebula and an infinite-mass-density singularity.
Singularities Are Well-Behaved
Some people claim that a given physics equation blows up at a singularity becoming meaningless. However, consider that the equations of physics – the ones that involve space and movement in space – are not defined at such a point since space is not present there. So such reasoning, to justify the rejection of singularities, makes an improper assumption. The current geometry for space-time does not take into account the ways in which massfluid cuts through space.
Note that infinite mass density is not the same as infinite mass. A sphere with a radius greater than zero around such a singularity will have a measurement of finite total mass. In fact, the infinite-mass-density singularity of a galaxy is routinely .1% of its bulge mass for galaxies that have a bulge and have been investigated closely.[3]
Problems With Illustrating a Singularity
The singularity is a point location that does not have a surface for reflecting optical light waves. At the point location of a singularity, the light waves do not behave the way we need them to in order to see something.
Infinite-mass-density singularities are often misrepresented visually, as explained by Suresh Emre, a physicist who has worked at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory on his blog: https://sureshemre.wordpress.com/2012/04/14/infinite-curvature-of-spacetime-singularity/ The following is a quote from this blog post.
This visual representation is misleading because the spacetime curvature in a singularity is infinite but in this representation the curvature at the singularity is almost zero. During the approach to the singularity the curvature of spacetime will increase not decrease.
Spacetime is a composite of 3 spatial dimensions and 1 temporal dimension. It is impossible to visualize the “infinite curvature” of a 2-dimensional surface. The visualization of the “infinite negative curvature” of 4-dimensional spacetime is totally beyond our mental capabilities. We cannot visualize perhaps but we can still think about the spacetime singularities in abstract terms.
As a drain or sinkhole for mass, particles are swirling around the singularity in tight circular paths moving with high energy, so they luminesce (i.e. give off light). This is why the center of spiral galaxies glow so brightly in space.
—S. Seaver
Featured image: “Featured image: Shows a gap in the center of the Cygnus A galaxy where the black hole and singularity is. The image comes from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory [NRAO], which does imaging using radio waves. This image appears in the video ‘ NRAO’s Baseline Episode 3: Viewing Active Galaxies.‘ Space scientists believe that a singularity is due to the presence of a black hole. Mass Vortex Theory asserts that a black hole is due to the presence of a singularity. The singularity comes first.”
* A point is a location in space without distance or direction.
[0] 1970: “The singularities of gravitational collapse and cosmology” by S. W. Hawking and R. Penrose, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 314, 529-548. http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/royprsa/314/1519/529.full.pdf
[1] Space physicist Dr. David Cooke, USAF
[2] https://science.nasa.gov/astrophysics/focus-areas/black-holes.
[3] 2015: “Relations Between Central Black Hole Mass and Total Galaxy Stellar Mass in the Local Universe” by Amy Reines and Marta Volonteri; The Astrophysical Journal, The American Astronomical Society, 813:82 (13pp), 2015 November 10 doi:10.1088/0004-637X/813/2/82; and Caleb Scharf, Director of the Columbia Astrobiology Center at Columbia University